Introduction For Transistor

Definition Transistor
Transistors are semiconductor devices used as an amplifier, a circuit breaker and junction (switching), voltage stabilization, signal modulation or other sebagaifungsi. Such transistors can function electric valves, where according to input current (BJT) or voltage input (FET), allowing a very accurate electrical conduction from the circuit source listriknya.Pada general, the transistor has three terminals. Voltage or current that is installed on one terminal set larger currents through two other terminals. Transistors are the essential components in modern electronic world. Some transistors can also be arranged in such a way as to function as logic gates, memory, and components lainnya.Pada generally there are two types of transistors of the transistor BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) and FET (Field Effect Transistors). Bipolar transistor so named because its main conduction channel using two polarity carriers: electrons and holes, to carry electrical current. In the BJT, the main electric current must pass through a region / boundary layer called the depletion zone, and the thickness of this layer can be adjusted with high speed in order to regulate the flow of the mainstream. For BJT transistor can be analogous to the 2 pieces of diodes as shown in the image below:

Types of transistors, which are type NPN transistor (Negative - Positive - Negative) and PNP (Positive - Negative - Positive). And this difference largely lies in the direction of current through each terminal of this component.

Symbols NPN and PNP transistors.

How it works transistor BJT:
• For NPN: if Potential Base> Potential emitter then the current flows from Colector to the emitter (as arrows).
• For PNP: if Potential Base
In this training type BJT transistor used to model TO 92 (9012 and 9013).
Tip: in soldering transistors, try as quickly as possible so as not to cause the transistor does not exceed its temperature limits. In the use of transistors used noticed tension value. Voltage value that exceeds the limits of the transistor to cause the transistor burns.

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Introduction For Relay

Relay is a device that uses an electromagnet to operate a set of switch contacts. The most simple composition consisting of conductive wire coils that wrapped around the iron core. When the coil is energized, magnetic fields that form interesting armature is used as a lever pivot switch mechanism.

Types of relay

Based on the workings

1. Normal open. Contact switch is closed only when the relay is turned on.
2. Normal closed. Switch contacts open only when the relay is turned on.
3. Swap-grafting. Switch contacts move from one pole to another pole when the relay is turned on.
4. When inflows On the instantaneous coil reels, the reels will instantly turn into magnit.gaya magnetic field is what will attract broad so that the switch will work

Under construction

1. Relay menggrendel. Types of relays which continue working even though the coil power source has been eliminated.
2. Relay stick. Used for fast switching low power. Made of two ferromagnetic stick that dikapsulkan in a glass tube. Coil wrapped around the glass tube.

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Introduction For IC (Integrated Circuit)

Definition of Integrated Circuit
IC (Integrated Circuit) is a semiconductor component in which there are tens, hundreds or thousands, even more basic electronic components consisting of a number of component resistors, transistors, diodes, and other semiconductor components. IC components in the form of a series that is integrated into a series of shaped chipkecil.

IC is used for several purposes of the manufacture of electronic equipment to be easily assembled into a relatively small-sized equipment. Prior to the IC, almost all electronic equipment is made from component units (individuals) are connected to each other using a wire or cable, so that seemed to have a big size and not practical. In terms of raw materials, IC wrapped in packaging (packages) for certain to be protected from outside interference as against moisture dust and other contamination substances. IC packaging is made from plastic ceramicdan materials, and designed for easy installation and penyambungannya. IC can work with a given ration voltage of 5-12 volts in accordance with its type IC. If a given input voltage over the specified limits, the IC is damaged it can be said, for more details will be explained on the strengths and weaknesses of the IC itself.

The IC should we as users can learn about some of the following, namely:

Advantages of IC (Integrated Circuit)
IC has been widely used in various fields, one field of Aerospace industry, where electronic control circuit will be more compact and small so as to reduce the weight of satellites, missiles and other types of other spacecraft. A very complex computer design can be facilitated, so that many components can be reduced and the size of the motherboard can be minimized. Another example, the IC used in the electronic calculating machine (calculator), also mobile phones (mobile phone) that looks relatively small. In the current era of advanced technology, electronic equipment required in order to have the size and weight as light and as small as possible and it may be possible to use IC. Besides the size and weight of small and light IC, IC also provides another advantage that is when compared to the circuit - which many of the conventional circuit using IC components with a relatively small circuit consumes only little energy sources and do not generate excessive heat so it does not require refrigeration (cooling system .)

The weakness of the IC (Integrated Circuit)
In the previous description appears as if the IC is so perfect compared to conventional electronic components, component padalah there is nothing that has weaknesses. Weakness IC or IC category that can be said damaged include limitations in the face of a large excess electric current, whereby electrical current can cause excessive heat inside the component, so that small components such as ICs will be easily damaged if the resulting overheating. Similarly, the IC constraints in the face of great tension, where a large voltage can damage the insulation layer between the components in the IC. Examples of such damage, there was a brief relationship between the components with each other in the IC, when this happens, then the IC can be damaged and become useless.

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Introduction For Capacitors

Definition Capacitors
Capacitors are electronic components that can store electrical charges. The structure of a capacitor made of 2 pieces of metal plates separated by a dielectric material. Dielectric materials are commonly known as air vacuum, ceramic, glass and others. If both ends of the metal plate was given voltage, the positive charges will accumulate on one leg (electrode) metal and at the same time the negative charges accumulated on the metal edges of one another. The positive charge can not flow toward the negative pole and the opposite end of the negative charge can not be heading back up the positive pole, because the dielectric material separated by a non-conductive. Electric charge is "stored" as long as no conduction at the ends of the legs. In the wild, this phenomenon occurs when the capacitor charge accumulation-positive and negative charges in the clouds.

Capacitors are passive electronic components that are often used in designing a system that serves to block DC current, filter, and electrical energy storage. In it 2 pieces of plate electrode facing each other and separated by an insulator. While the materials used as an insulator called a dielectric. When the capacitor voltage DC provided the electric energy stored in each electrode. During the capacitor charging, current flows. The current flow will stop when the capacitor has been full. What distinguishes each - each capacitor is a dielectric.

Value and the unit is farad capacitor and is usually abbreviated F.
The value of this unit is considered too basic, so the unit farad is reduced again to the units as follows:


microfarads (µF)               nanoFarads (nF)                        picoFarads (pF)
0.000001µF          =         0.001nF                  =               1pF
0.00001µF            =         0.01nF                    =               10pF
0.0001µF              =         0.1nF                      =               100pF
0.001µF                =         1nF                         =               1000pF
0.01µF                  =         10nF                       =               10,000pF
0.1µF                    =         100nF                     =               100,000pF
1µF                       =         1000nF                   =               1,000,000pF
10µF                     =         10,000nF                =               10,000,000pF
100µF                   =         100,000nF              =               100,000,000pF


1 F   = 1 Farad = 1,000,000 Micro Farad
1 uF = 1000 nF = 100 KpF
1 uF = 1,000,000 pico Farad


Value capacitor in addition to written with color coding as in the resistor, most written with numerical symbols like this:


0.1 Means uF 0.1
0.001 means 0.001 uF
102 means 10 x 102
pF = 100 pF = 1 KpF
203 means 20 x 103
pF = 200 PF = 20 KpF

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Introduction For Diode

DEFINITIONS DIODE
In electronics, a diode is bersaluran two active components (thermionic diodes may have a third channel for heating). Diodes have two active electrodes in which electrical signals can flow, and most of the diodes are used because of its characteristics in one direction. Diodes varikap (Variable Capacitor / condenser variable) is used as voltage controlled capacitors.

Unidirectional properties owned most types of diodes are often called menyearahkan characteristics. The most common function of the diode is to allow electric current to flow in one direction (called the forward bias condition) and to hold the flow from the opposite direction (called a reverse bias condition). Therefore, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of the valve in the transmission fluid.


WORKING PRINCIPLE
Thermionic diode working principles were rediscovered by Thomas Edison on February 13, 1880 and he was given a patent in 1883 (U.S. Patent 307,031), but not developed further. Braun patented the crystal rectifier in 1899. Braun's discovery was further developed by Jagdish Chandra Bose into a useful device for radio detector.

Most of the current diode based on semiconductor pn meeting technology. In the pn diode, current flows from p-type side (anode) to the n-type side (cathode), but does not flow in the reverse direction.
Another type of semiconductor diode is a Schottky diode formed from a meeting between the metal and semiconductor (Schottky barrier) instead of the conventional pn meeting.

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